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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oberer Muschelkalk</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div id="Container" class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:none; float:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:rgb(153,58,154); font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0"><span style="color:#FFF">Germanische Trias</span></div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:36em; padding:0px"><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:34.641509433962em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-250 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:32.943396226415em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.245283018868em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-245 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.547169811321em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.849056603774em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-240 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:26.150943396226em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:24.452830188679em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-235 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:22.754716981132em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.056603773585em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-230 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.358490566038em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.660377358491em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-225 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.962264150943em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:14.264150943396em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-220 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.566037735849em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:10.867924528302em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-215 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.1698113207547em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.4716981132075em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-210 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.7735849056604em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:4.0754716981132em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-205 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:2.377358490566em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0.67924528301887em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-200 —</span></div><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span>
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<span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Start</span><span style="display:none;">Skalenmarkierungen Ende</span></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:36em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:36em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em; border:none; background-color:transparent;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(152,57,153); border-width:.06em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:30.769811320755em; height:4.4309433962264em; margin-left:0em; width:4.8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.2754716981132em;"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(177,104,177); border-width:.06em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; 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width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Trias_(Geologie)" title="Trias (Geologie)">Untertrias</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.709433962264em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-4.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Indusium_(Geologie)" title="Indusium (Geologie)">Indusium</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.603773584906em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:3.3em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">Bunt-</a><br><a href="Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">sandstein</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.169811320755em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:3.3em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Muschelkalk" title="Muschelkalk">Muschel-</a><br><a href="Muschelkalk" title="Muschelkalk">kalk</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:12.905660377358em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:3.3em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="Keuper" title="Keuper">Keuper</a></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36.339622641509em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-8em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Trias_(Geologie)" title="Trias (Geologie)">Chronostratigr.<br>Gliederung</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36.339622641509em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:2em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#007777; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Germanische_Trias" title="Germanische Trias">German.<br>Trias</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.641509433962em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:1em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#000000; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Unterer_Buntsandstein" title="Unterer Buntsandstein">U.</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:33.079245283019em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:1em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#000000; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Mittlerer_Buntsandstein" title="Mittlerer Buntsandstein">M.</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.867924528302em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:1em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#000000; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Unterer_Muschelkalk" title="Unterer Muschelkalk">U.</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.169811320755em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:1em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:#000000; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><b><a href="Mittlerer_Muschelkalk" title="Mittlerer Muschelkalk">M.</a></b></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); 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vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; 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<p>Der <b>Obere Muschelkalk</b> ist eine <a href="Lithostratigraphie" title="Lithostratigraphie">lithostratigraphische</a> <a href="Gruppe_(Geologie)" title="Gruppe (Geologie)">Untergruppe</a> des <a href="Muschelkalk" title="Muschelkalk">Muschelkalks</a> der <a href="Germanische_Trias" title="Germanische Trias">Germanischen Trias</a>. Die lithostratigraphische Einheit wird von der <a href="Mittlerer_Muschelkalk" title="Mittlerer Muschelkalk">Mittleren Muschelkalk</a>-Untergruppe unterlagert und vom <a href="Keuper" title="Keuper">Keuper</a> überlagert. Die Ablagerungen des Oberen Muschelkalks dokumentieren <a href="Vollmarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vollmarin">vollmarine</a> Verhältnisse und Verbindungen zum <a href="Tethys_(Ozean)" title="Tethys (Ozean)">Tethys-Ozean</a>. In den östlichen Randbereichen wurden kalkreiche Sandsteine sedimentiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Die Untergrenze des Oberen Muschelkalks ist durch das Einsetzen der <a href="Trochiten" title="Trochiten">Trochitenkalk</a>-<a href="Formation_(Geologie)" title="Formation (Geologie)">Formation</a> definiert. Die Obergrenze bildet das Einsetzen der <a href="Erfurt-Formation" title="Erfurt-Formation">Erfurt-Formation</a>, deren Untergrenze durch das Grenz<a href="Bonebed" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonebed">bonebed</a> definiert ist. Die Untergrenze des Oberen Muschelkalk wird biostratigraphisch in das Obere <a href="Anisium" title="Anisium">Anisium</a> gestellt, die Obergrenze liegt im unteren <a href="Ladinium" title="Ladinium">Ladinium</a>. Aufgrund der <a href="Endemit" title="Endemit">endemischen Fauna</a> im Bereich der <a href="Germanische_Trias" title="Germanische Trias">Germanischen Trias</a> fällt eine präzise biostratigraphische Korrelation mit der <a href="Trias_(Geologie)#Untergliederung_der_Trias" title="Trias (Geologie)">alpinen Trias</a> schwer. Funde einzelner <a href="Ammoniten" title="Ammoniten">Ammoniten</a> aus dem <a href="Tethys_(Ozean)" title="Tethys (Ozean)">Tethys-Raum</a> deuten auf eine Lage der Untergrenze des Ladiniums oberhalb der Spinosus Zone hin<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, welche in Süddeutschland innerhalb der Meißner-Formation liegt. Die Untergrenze des Ladiniums wird aktuell bei 242 Millionen Jahren gezogen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gliederung">Gliederung</h2></div>
<p>Der Obere Muschelkalk wird in Deutschland in neun <a href="Lithostratigraphie" title="Lithostratigraphie">lithostratigraphische</a> <a href="Formation_(Geologie)" title="Formation (Geologie)">Formationen</a> gegliedert. Die neun Formationen liegen jedoch meist nicht aufeinander, sondern vertreten sich regional:
</p>
<ul><li>Trochitenkalk-Formation,</li>
<li>Meißner-Formation,</li>
<li>Warburg-Formation,</li>
<li>Quaderkalk-Formation,</li>
<li><a href="Rottweil-Formation" title="Rottweil-Formation">Rottweil-Formation</a></li>
<li>Schengen-Formation</li>
<li>Irrel-Formation</li>
<li>Gilsdorf-Formation</li>
<li>Grafenwöhr-Formation, kieselige, feldspatreiche oder karbonatische Quarzsandsteine am östlichen Beckenrand. Sie zieht sich vom Mittleren Muschelkalk bis in den Unterkeuper.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ablagerungsraum">Ablagerungsraum</h2></div>
<p>Die Gesteine des Oberen Muschelkalk enthalten eine arten- und individuenreiche Fauna, die vollmarine Bedingungen anzeigen. Lediglich die Rottweil-Formation, die am Top des Oberen Muschelkalks und nur am südlichen Beckenrand ausgebildet ist, enthält Algenlaminite und Faunen, die wieder euryhaline Bedingungen anzeigen, d. h., dass die Faunen sehr tolerant gegen Salzgehaltschwankungen waren. Irrel- und Gilsdorf-Formation bezeichnen Gesteine des westlichen Beckenrandes. Die Schengen-Formation und Quaderkalk-Formation sind Gesteine der Siercker Schwelle (Saarland) und einer Schwelle in Franken.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Manfred Menning, Reinhard Gast, Hans Hagdorn, Karl-Christian Käding, Theo Simon, Michael Szurlies und Edgar Nitsch: <i>Zeitskala für Perm und Trias in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland 2002, zyklostratigraphische Kalibrierung der höheren Dyas und Germanischen Trias und das Alter der Stufen Roadium bis Rhaetium 2005.</i> Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 41(1–3): 173–210, Stuttgart 2005 <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220078-0421%22&key=cql">0078-0421</a></span></span></li>
<li>Hans Hagdorn und Theo Simon: <i>Der Muschelkalk in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland 2002.</i> Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 41(1–3): 129–142, Stuttgart 2005 <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220078-0421%22&key=cql">0078-0421</a></span></span></li>
<li>Norbert Hauschke & Volker Wilde (Hrsg.): <i>Trias Eine ganze andere Welt Mitteleuropa im frühen Erdmittelalter.</i> 647 S., Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 1999, ISBN 3-931516-55-5</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz W. Kozur: <cite style="font-style:italic">The correlation of the Germanic Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk with the Tethyan scale</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I</cite>. Jahrgang 1998, Heft 7/8. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>701–725</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Oberer+Muschelkalk&rft.atitle=The+correlation+of+the+Germanic+Buntsandstein+and+Muschelkalk+with+the+Tethyan+scale&rft.au=Heinz+W.+Kozur&rft.btitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Geologie+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologie%2C+Teil+I&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=701-725&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=E.+Schweizerbart%E2%80%99sche+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.volume=Jahrgang+1998%2C+Heft+7%2F8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Brack, Hans Rieber, Max Urlichs: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pelagic succesions in the Southern Alps and their correlation with the Germanic Middle Triassic</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I</cite>. Jahrgang 1998, Heft 7/8. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>853–876</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Oberer+Muschelkalk&rft.atitle=Pelagic+succesions+in+the+Southern+Alps+and+their+correlation+with+the+Germanic+Middle+Triassic&rft.au=Peter+Brack%2C+Hans+Rieber%2C+Max+Urlichs&rft.btitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Geologie+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologie%2C+Teil+I&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=853-876&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=E.+Schweizerbart%E2%80%99sche+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.volume=Jahrgang+1998%2C+Heft+7%2F8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2017-02.pdf"><i>International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2017/02.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2017</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AOberer+Muschelkalk&rft.title=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart+v2017%2F02&rft.description=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart+v2017%2F02&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2017-02.pdf&rft.date="> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Ogg, Gabi M. Ogg, Felix M. Gradstein: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Concise Geologic Time Scale</cite>. A Concise Geologic Time Scale, 2016, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59467-9.01001-3">10.1016/B978-0-444-59467-9.01001-3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Oberer+Muschelkalk&rft.au=James+G.+Ogg%2C+Gabi+M.+Ogg%2C+Felix+M.+Gradstein&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Geologic+Time+Scale&rft.date=2016&rft.doi=10.1016%2FB978-0-444-59467-9.01001-3&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=A+Concise+Geologic+Time+Scale" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trias-verein.de/geologie/muschelkalk.html">Trias Verein Thüringen e. V. Muschelkalk</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~gpls/TRIAS/SEITEN_TRIAS/05_muschelkalk.html">Universität Leipzig Erkundungen im Muschelkalk</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triasworld.de/?id=118052000027">Universität Leipzig Triasworld</a></li></ul>
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Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172238-3">4172238-3</a></span> </div>
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